Crystallization

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The proposed procedure does not include a detailed design, in which not only the average particle size and purity have to be assured, but also the size distribution, the particle shape and degree of agglomeration, among other features that are specific to each application. In those circumstances, a detailed design procedure has to be followed that is based on a model for the industrial crystallizer that takes into account a number of compartments and the crystallization kinetics for the system of interest, followed by model validation in a pilot unit. Zia Q, Androsch R, Radusch HJ et al (2006) Morphology, reorganization and stability of mesomorphic nanocrystals in isotactic polypropylene. Polymer 47(24):8163–8172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2006.09.038 Tranchida D, Mileva D, Resconi L et al (2015) Molecular and thermal characterization of a nearly perfect isotactic poly(propylene). Macromol Chem Phys 216(22):2171–2178. https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.201500189 Lotz B, Fillon B, Thierry A et al (1991) Low Tc growth transitions in isotactic polypropylene—beta to alpha and alpha to smectic phases. Polym Bull 25(1):101–105 Liu Q, Sun XL, Li HH et al (2013) Orientation-induced crystallization of isotactic polypropylene. Polymer 54(17):4404–4421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2013.04.066

Iijima M, Strobl G (2000) Isothermal crystallization and melting of isotactic polypropylene analyzed by time- and temperature-dependent small-angle X-ray scattering experiments. Macromolecules 33(14):5204–5214. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma000019m Supaphol P, Spruiell JE (2000) Regime crystallization in syndiotactic polypropylenes: re-evaluation of the literature data. Polymer 41(3):1205–1216. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(99)00254-2Thomann R, Semke H, Maier RD et al (2001) Influence of stereoirregularities on the formation of the gamma-phase in isotactic polypropene. Polymer 42(10):4597–4603. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00675-3

Crystallization can be defined as the process through which the atoms/molecules of a substance arrange themselves in a well-defined three-dimensional lattice and consequently, minimize the overall energy of the system. When a substance is subjected to crystallization , its atoms or molecules bind together through well-defined angles.Morrow DR, Sauer JA, Woodward AE (1965) Dilute solution-grown polypropylene single crystals. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Lett 3(6):463–466. https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1965.110030608 Fillon B, Wittmann JC, Lotz B et al (1993) Self-nucleation and recrystallization of isotactic polypropylene (alpha-phase) investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 31(10):1383–1393. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.1993.090311013 Kaminsky W (1998) Highly active metallocene catalysts for olefin polymerization. J Chem Soc, Dalton Trans 9:1413–1418. https://doi.org/10.1039/A800056E